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| c. 1150 |
| | German merchants begin trading along the coasts of Latvia and Estonia, a region to which they give the name Livonia | |
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| 1159 |
| | Henry the Lion builds a new town at Lübeck, well placed to develop as the centre of the Hanseatic League | |
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| c. 1250 |
| | Europe grows in prosperity during the thirteenth century, with a widespread increase in trade and production | |
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| c. 1275 |
| | Mongol control over the entire breadth of Asia introduces a stability often called the Pax Mongolica, echoing the Pax Romana | |
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| c. 1300 |
| | The bankers of northern Italy develop a method of accountancy - double-entry book-keeping - which will have lasting significance | |
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| c. 1320 |
| | Florence becomes a centre of international finance, with the Bardi and Peruzzi families acting as bankers to Europe's rulers | |
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| 1324 |
| | Mansa Musa, sultan of the gold-rich African state of Mali, is so lavish in Cairo (on his way to Mecca) that the value of Egyptian gold slumps | |
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| c. 1330 |
| | European prosperity falters during the fourteenth century, with a run of bad harvests, a decline in trade and - from 1347 - the Black Death | |
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| 1345 |
| | Edward III of England, defaulting on his massive debts, drives the Florentine banking families of Bardi and Peruzzi into bankruptcy | |
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| c. 1350 |
| | Water power is used in England for the heavy work of fulling cloth, in mills which can be seen as a first step towards the Industrial Revolution | |
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